Peptide research glossary — 30 essential terms.
Research-frame definitions — drawn from our full glossary at togopeptide.com/glossary.html.
- half-life.
- Time required for the plasma concentration of a compound to decrease by 50%.
- GHRH.
- Growth-hormone-releasing hormone — hypothalamic peptide that stimulates pituitary GH release.
- GH.
- Growth hormone — anterior pituitary hormone influencing protein synthesis and lipolysis.
- IGF-1.
- Insulin-like growth factor 1 — primary mediator of growth-hormone effects.
- GLP-1.
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 — incretin hormone; agonists studied for glycaemic and weight control.
- GIP.
- Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide — incretin co-targeted with GLP-1 in dual agonists.
- VEGF.
- Vascular endothelial growth factor — driver of angiogenesis (new blood-vessel formation).
- angiogenesis.
- Formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature.
- pharmacokinetics.
- Study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolises, and eliminates a substance.
- pharmacodynamics.
- Study of the biological effect a substance produces at its site of action.
- lyophilized.
- Freeze-dried — water removed under vacuum; the standard form for stable peptide storage.
- reconstitution.
- Adding bacteriostatic water (or sterile saline) to a lyophilized vial to dissolve the peptide.
- COA.
- Certificate of Analysis — per-batch document showing identity, purity, and contaminant tests.
- HPLC.
- High-performance liquid chromatography — purity and identity assay for peptides.
- agonist.
- Molecule that binds a receptor and triggers a biological response.
- antagonist.
- Molecule that binds a receptor and blocks the response normally produced.
- receptor.
- Protein on or in a cell that binds a specific ligand to trigger a cellular response.
- ligand.
- Molecule that binds to a receptor or other macromolecule with specificity.
- amino acid.
- Building block of peptides and proteins; 20 standard residues in human biology.
- mTOR.
- Mechanistic target of rapamycin — central kinase regulating protein synthesis and autophagy.
- AMPK.
- AMP-activated protein kinase — energy sensor activated when ATP is low.
- sirtuin.
- Family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases (SIRT1–7) studied in longevity research.
- telomerase.
- Enzyme that adds repeats to telomeres; activity correlated with replicative lifespan.
- NMR.
- Nuclear magnetic resonance — spectroscopic identity test for peptide structure.
- CAS.
- Chemical Abstracts Service registry number — unique identifier for a chemical substance.
- lyophilization.
- Freeze-drying process used to stabilise peptides by sublimating water under vacuum.
- BPC.
- Body Protection Compound — pentadecapeptide derived from gastric BPC family proteins.
- PEPT1.
- Proton-coupled peptide transporter SLC15A1 — intestinal uptake route for short peptides.
- NF-kB.
- Nuclear factor kappa B — transcription factor central to inflammatory signaling.
- NAD+.
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide — coenzyme central to redox and sirtuin biology.
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